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| 1530 |
| | | The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun | |
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| 1534 |
| | | The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1555 |
| | | Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne | |
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| 1556 |
| | | Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen | |
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| 1557 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Akbar builds his new palace of Fatehpur Sikri close to the shrine of a Sufi saint | |
|  | Fatehpur Sikri, diwan-i-khas
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| 1573 |
| | | The tomb in Delhi of the Mughal emperor Humayun introduces the shape of dome which characterizes his dynasty's architecture | |
|  | Humayun tomb, Delhi
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| c. 1590 |
| | | Arjan, the fifth Sikh guru, builds many gurdwaras and commences the holy city of Amritsar | |
|  | Amritsar
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